web3: BitMEX永续合约起源曝光:始于香港一次徒步
CoinDesk
07-29 22:04
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CoinDesk回顾 BitMEX 永续合约的诞生过程,称其资金费率机制后来成为加密衍生品行业通用设计。
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CoinDesk披露,BitMEX 永续合约的最初构想出现在 2015 年香港一次徒步途中。BitMEX 联合创始人 Ben Delo 当时一直在寻找一种更接近现货、又能提供杠杆的比特币交易产品,最终提出“永不到期”的合约设想。

早期问题出在到期机制

在此之前,BitMEX 先后尝试过季度、月度、周度、48 小时和 24 小时等多种期限合约,但用户持续抱怨仓位会在结算时被动关闭。对很多交易者来说,他们想要的是一个不会到期、可以持续持有的杠杆产品,而不是不断展期的期货。

Delo 回忆称,传统期货价格包含期限和持仓成本。如果取消到期日,理论定价会失去约束。同行给出的思路是,引入比特币隔夜利率,像传统金融市场按利率收取持仓成本一样,让多空双方定期支付费用。

2016 年上线后逐步定型

问题在于,当时市场上并没有成熟、统一的比特币隔夜利率。Delo 随后自行搭建了这套机制,并把它做成永续合约的核心设计。BitMEX 于 2016 年 5 月正式推出该产品,本质上是通过资金费率让合约价格围绕现货波动。

最初,BitMEX 参考的是外部借贷市场,尤其是 Bitfinex 上美元与比特币的借贷利率差,以此估算持有多头仓位的成本。但随着 2016 年至 2017 年比特币上涨,平台上的做多需求快速增加,外部利率已无法反映内部真实供需,永续合约价格开始长期高于现货。

资金费率改为按 8 小时价差计算

为解决偏离问题,BitMEX 后来改用动态计算方式,不再主要依赖外部借贷利率,而是直接观察永续合约与现货指数在 8 小时窗口内的价差,再反推出对应费率,并在下一个 8 小时周期结算。

这一做法让做市商可以提前知道费率如何计算、何时支付,从而更积极地进行套利。如果永续合约价格高于现货,空头就能获得资金费率收入,套利资金会进场做空合约、买入现货,推动价格重新靠近现货。

永续合约集中流动性

到 2017 年,BitMEX 已成为当时流动性最强的比特币市场之一,日交易量达到 30 亿至 40 亿美元。与此前同时挂牌多种期限合约不同,永续合约把原本分散在季度、月度、周度和超短期合约上的流动性集中到单一产品中,也提高了交易深度。

Delo 对 CoinDesk 表示,后来几乎所有主要加密交易所都推出了自己的永续合约产品,底层逻辑都建立在类似的资金费率架构之上。文中将其视为加密衍生品市场最具代表性的产品创新之一。

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