web3: BitMEX永續合約起源曝光:始於香港一次徒步
CoinDesk
07-29 22:04
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CoinDesk回顧 BitMEX 永續合約的誕生過程,稱其資金費率機制後來成為加密衍生性商品產業通用設計。
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CoinDesk披露,BitMEX 永續合約的最初構想出現在 2015 年香港一次徒步途中。 BitMEX 聯合創始人 Ben Delo 當時一直在尋找一種更接近現貨、又能提供槓桿的比特幣交易產品,最終提出「永不到期」的合約設想。

早期問題出在到期機制

在此之前,BitMEX 先後嘗試過季度、月度、週度、48 小時和 24 小時等多種期限合約,但用戶持續抱怨倉位會在結算時被動關閉。對許多交易者來說,他們想要的是一個不會到期、可以持續持有的槓桿產品,而不是不斷展期的期貨。

Delo 回憶稱,傳統期貨價格包含期限和持倉成本。如果取消到期日,理論定價會失去限制。同行給出的想法是,引入比特幣隔夜利率,像傳統金融市場按利率收取持倉成本一樣,讓多空雙方定期支付費用。

2016 年上線後逐步定型

問題在於,當時市場上並沒有成熟、統一的比特幣隔夜利率。 Delo 隨後自行搭建了這套機制,並把它做成永續合約的核心設計。 BitMEX 於 2016 年 5 月正式推出該產品,本質上是透過資金費率讓合約價格圍繞現貨波動。

最初,BitMEX 參考的是外部借貸市場,尤其是 Bitfinex 上美元與比特幣的借貸利率差,以此估算持有多頭部位的成本。但隨著 2016 年至 2017 年比特幣上漲,平台上的做多需求快速增加,外部利率已無法反映內部真實供需,永續合約價格開始長期高於現貨。

資金費率改為以 8 小時價差計算

為解決偏離問題,BitMEX 後來改用動態計算方式,不再主要依賴外部借貸利率,而是直接觀察永續合約與現貨指數在 8 小時窗口內的價差,再反推出對應費率,並在下一個 8 小時週期結算。

這個做法讓做市商可以提前知道費率如何計算、何時支付,從而更積極地進行套利。如果永續合約價格高於現貨,空頭就能獲得資金費率收入,套利資金會進場做空合約、買進現貨,推動價格重新靠近現貨。

永續合約集中流動性

到 2017 年,BitMEX 已成為當時流動性最強的比特幣市場之一,每日交易量達到 30 億至 40 億美元。與先前同時掛牌多種期限合約不同,永續合約把原本分散在季度、月度、週度和超短期合約上的流動性集中到單一產品中,也提高了交易深度。

Delo 對 CoinDesk 表示,後來幾乎所有主要加密交易所都推出了自己的永續合約產品,底層邏輯都建立在類似的資金費率架構之上。文中將其視為加密衍生性商品市場最具代表性的產品創新之一。

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