web3: How Does the US Bitcoin Strategic Reserve Operate?
Cryptonews
13h ago
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The United States has implemented a strategic reserve of Bitcoin, with the holdings mainly coming from assets confiscated by law enforcement. Many other countries are also evaluating similar arrangements.
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美国把比特币纳入国家储备的讨论,已从概念走向制度安排。2025 年 3 月,特朗普签署行政命令,要求建立美国战略比特币储备,并以联邦机构已持有的比特币作为初始资产。

这类储备的核心,是把比特币视为与黄金、石油或外汇储备类似的国家资产。支持者强调其总量固定、可自主管理;反对者则质疑价格波动过大,不适合作为主权储备的一部分。

美国储备由没收资产构成

按文中梳理,美国战略比特币储备的初始规模约为 20 万枚 BTC,主要来自刑事没收和民事扣押资产,涉及司法部、国税局和国土安全部等机构办理的案件。

其中,丝绸之路相关案件是最大来源之一。美国政府此前也曾通过法警系统出售过大批被扣押的比特币。新行政命令的一项关键变化,是要求储备中的比特币不得出售,和过去“查获后拍卖”的做法区分开来。

增持需满足“预算中性”

除保留现有持仓外,行政命令还要求财政部和商务部研究在不增加纳税人负担的前提下,制定增持比特币的方案。文中提到,讨论中的路径包括重估美联储持有的黄金凭证价值,再将差额用于购买比特币。

  • 储备资产以联邦机构已持有 BTC 为基础
  • 储备内比特币原则上不得出售
  • 非比特币数字资产可处置并换购 BTC

截至 2026 年年中,文中称美国政府在该储备中持有约 19.8 万枚 BTC,按当时价格计算价值约 130 亿美元,是目前已知规模最大的政府比特币持仓之一。

另设数字资产库存

除比特币储备外,美国还设立了单独的“数字资产库存”,用于存放联邦案件中查获的其他数字资产,包括以太坊、稳定币及部分山寨币。

这部分资产的处理方式与比特币不同。文中称,非比特币资产可以由政府酌情出售,所得资金可进一步用于增持战略比特币储备。

在托管方面,相关比特币据称由财政部协调冷钱包和托管服务商管理。出于安全原因,具体托管安排并未完全公开,但文中提到,财政部确认会按季度进行储备审计。

多国开始评估类似方案

文章称,除美国外,至少还有十多个国家以及多个美国州提出了建立比特币储备的立法或行政方案,涉及巴西、捷克、波兰、日本,以及得州、亚利桑那州、新罕布什尔州和俄克拉何马州等地。

在已实际运行的国家层面,萨尔瓦多仍是少数明确建立国家级比特币储备的案例。该国自 2021 年起持续买入比特币,目前持仓约 6100 枚 BTC。不过,文中也提到,在国际货币基金组织贷款条件约束下,其新增买入力度已放缓。

围绕这类储备的争论主要集中在三点:一是比特币总量固定,是否适合作为长期储备;二是自托管资产在地缘政治环境下是否具备更强主权属性;三是将其纳入储备组合,能否分散传统美元、国债和黄金资产的集中风险。

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