The Strait of Hormuz plans to establish dual channels: inbound ships rely on Iran, outbound ships rely on Oman, why hasn't the agreement been finalized yet?
币百科
1h ago
Ai Focus
In the latest negotiations regarding the Strait of Hormuz, a sufficiently detailed “draft plan” has emerged for the first time: vessels entering the Persian Gulf will use the waterways controlled by Iran, while those leaving will use the waterways controlled by Oman. Two regional officials familiar with the negotiations described this arrangement to The Associated Press and mentioned that both sides also discussed charging service fees for security and marine environment maintenance.
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霍尔木兹海峡的最新谈判,第一次出现了一张足够具体的“通行草图”:船舶进入波斯湾时走伊朗控制的航道,驶出时则走阿曼控制的航道。两名了解谈判的地区官员向美联社描述了这一安排,并称双方还讨论对安保和海洋环境维护收取服务费。

这听起来已经很接近一份协议,但三个词不能忽略:正在形成、仍在谈判、可能改变。伊朗外交部发言人也只确认,伊朗和阿曼的双边磋商聚焦于建立安全的进出港航道,并称最终结果会在谈判结束后公布。美国国务卿鲁比奥的口径同样克制:谈判取得了进展,但尚未形成最终结果。

因此,新闻里的“进港靠伊朗、出港靠阿曼”不是已经启用的新秩序,而是各方正在测试的一种交换结构。它试图同时回答两个问题:怎样让商船恢复通行,以及谁有权决定商船以什么条件通过。

双航道解决的是路线,没解决“谁有控制权”

从航运角度看,把进出方向分给两条受不同国家控制的航道,至少提供了一个可操作框架。伊朗方面还称,航道的地理坐标已经与阿曼谈妥;伊朗副外长则表示,新路线可能是临时性的,开放两到四个月。

但“由谁控制”立刻触及谈判最敏感的部分。美联社援引地区官员称,任何正式确认伊朗控制海峡部分通行权的协议,都将构成德黑兰的重大战略收获。美国官员给出的底线恰好相反:即使建立临时航道,也不应包含伊朗审批或收费;美国希望恢复到没有任何一方控制航道和通行能力的原状。

这使双航道方案带有两种完全不同的解释。伊朗可以把它理解成主权与安全安排:进港航道由自己控制,并通过收费承担安保和环境维护。美国则可能把同一安排理解为对国际水道设置新的审批权和收费权,担心它成为其他关键水道的先例。

收费分歧把这种冲突进一步量化。BBC 援引报道说,伊朗寻求按货物价值的 5% 至 7% 收费,阿曼讨论的水平约为 3%,而华盛顿主张不收费。特朗普公开表示反对海峡收费,美国财长贝森特谈到的也是“航行自由”。路线可以画在海图上,收费权却会直接改变每一船货物的成本,也决定这究竟是临时安全服务,还是一种新的通行制度。

真正的交换条件,在海峡之外

协议没有落定的另一个原因,是它与美国对伊朗港口的封锁绑定在一起。地区官员称,任何安排都与解除封锁有关;伊朗外交部发言人则警告,即使与阿曼达成协议,也不能保证安全航行,因为美国的港口封锁和其他军事行动仍在影响海峡安全。

换句话说,阿曼可以帮助设计航道,却不能单独消除战争状态。伊朗坚持自己只是在同阿曼谈判,并未与美国谈判;美国方面却把重开海峡视为更大安排的第一阶段,并继续就伊朗能否控制或收费设置底线。三方对“谁在谈什么”的描述并不一致,正说明航道技术方案与战争交换条件仍然缠在一起。

此前的失败也让各方更谨慎。伊朗和美国曾在六月签署谅解备忘录,目标包括停止战斗、重开海峡,并在 60 天内就结束战争达成安排,但协议很快随着相互攻击恢复而破裂。现在的新方案即使落地,也更可能先以两到四个月的临时通道出现,而不是一次性恢复战前秩序。

市场之所以紧盯这份尚未完成的协议,是因为霍尔木兹海峡在战前承载全球约五分之一的石油和液化天然气运输。战争以来,航运量大幅减少,燃料、化肥等商品价格受到冲击。BBC 报道发布时,布伦特原油在亚洲早盘小幅下跌 0.3%,至每桶 79.24 美元,反映市场愿意为谈判进展下调一部分风险溢价,但远没有把问题当作已经解决。

现实中的安全风险也没有停止。美联社报道,一艘货船在靠近阿曼一侧的海峡水域报告遭不明射弹击中;近几周,伊朗还多次攻击试图使用靠近阿曼、由美军监督的绕行路线的船只。只要这类事件继续发生,航道坐标本身就不能等同于安全保证。

所以,双航道方案的价值在于它把抽象的“重开海峡”变成了可讨论的路径:哪条船道负责进、哪条负责出。但它也把未解决的问题暴露得更清楚——伊朗是否拥有审批权、能否收费、美国是否解除港口封锁,以及临时安排到期后恢复什么样的秩序。

在这些问题上出现共同文本之前,“进港靠伊朗、出港靠阿曼”仍只是一张谈判桌上的草图。它代表进展,却还不是通航保证;它可能降低短期风险,却没有消除控制权之争。真正决定协议能否落地的,不只是海图上的两条线,而是各方能否接受这两条线背后的权力分配。

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