web3: Routing failure caused Solana to be on the brink of a permanent interruption
Coinpaper
1h ago
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Teraswitch Routing failure caused 28.83% of the staked SOL to go offline for a short time, and Solana was once on the verge of losing definitively, once again drawing attention to the issue of verifier concentration.
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周三早间,Solana 网络一度接近失去交易终局性。托管服务商 Teraswitch 的一处路由配置故障,导致 28.83% 的质押 SOL 短时离线,而 Solana 在约 33.34% 质押失联时将停止确认区块。

这意味着,网络距离无法完成终局确认只差 4.51 个百分点。按 Marinade Finance 的测算,这次事件相当于走到了“停摆门槛”的约 86%。

故障由单一路由传播引发

Teraswitch 事后说明称,问题源于其迈阿密站点发出的一条默认路由。这条路由在传播过程中丢失了原本的度量和社区属性,随后经阿姆斯特丹的路由反射器扩散到欧洲和亚太节点。

当地边缘路由器将其误判为本地生成路由,优先级高于正常出口;但数据中心核心网络又将其判定为无效。结果,伦敦、阿姆斯特丹、都柏林、法兰克福、新加坡和东京等 12 个站点一度失去有效转发路径,北美未受影响。

工程团队在约 10 分钟内定位问题,服务于 04:16:15 UTC 恢复。

近三成质押SOL短时离线

Marinade 统计称,约 90 个验证者受到影响,合计损失 333 SOL 奖励。其分析显示,故障高度集中在单一自治系统 AS20326。

该系统承载 1.1889 亿枚 SOL,占全网质押量约 27.34%,其中 94% 在同一时间段离线。这个占比已经高于 Solana Foundation 委托计划为单一自治系统设定的 25% 上限。

另有 59 个验证者、约 8020 万枚 SOL,在阿姆斯特丹、法兰克福和东京的同一时间窗口内恢复,显示这些节点主要是在等待路由重新收敛,而非切换到其他可用路径。Solana 第二大验证者 Helius 则离线了整整 33 分钟。

集中度风险再次暴露

Marinade 还提到,除 Teraswitch 外,latitude.sh、Limestone、Butterfly Research 和 Allnodes 等托管环境中,也有额外 1410 万枚 SOL 在同一时段离线,原因无法仅从现有数据中解释。

这意味着,只按托管服务商口径统计分散度,可能低估了验证者在同一故障下同时失联的风险。

Marinade 也披露了自身分配模型的集中情况:其分配出去的质押中,三分之二集中在 4 个自治系统,其中 AS395201 一项就占 36.94%。该协议表示,将重新审查按网络和数据中心划分的集中度限制,并开始披露验证者是否具备热切换和自动故障转移能力。

补充信息:此次遗漏的 333 SOL 奖励,预计将在本轮 epoch 结束后由验证者保证金覆盖。但如果离线比例当时突破三分之一,所有 SOL 持有者的交易确认都将停止,而这类系统性后果并无保证金机制兜底。Solana 上一次完全停摆发生在 2024 年 2 月,当时网络重启耗时接近 5 小时。

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