Foreign media: Gates mentions AI taxes and "human jobs preservation" again
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Gates writes that AI may directly replace a large amount of cognitive labor within ten years, advocating for taxing AI, token, and robots, while retaining certain positions that must be undertaken by humans.
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外媒:比尔·盖茨近日在个人网站发表长文,称 AI 过渡期可能成为“人类历史上最动荡的时期之一”。他再次提出对 AI 使用量和机器人征税,同时主张保留一部分必须由人承担的工作,以减轻自动化对就业和税收体系的冲击。

他认为,现行税制对企业形成了明显倾斜。企业雇佣员工时需要缴纳工资税,但采购机器人或自动化系统,往往可以作为企业支出处理。这种差异会让企业更容易选择机器,而不是继续雇人。

盖茨主张对 AI 使用量征税

盖茨提出的方案包括两部分:一是对 AI token 征税,也就是大模型处理文本和数据时消耗的计量单位;二是直接对机器人征税。他认为,这类使用税比单纯提高企业税更直接,因为企业税最终只影响利润,而在竞争激烈的环境中,利润空间本就可能很薄。

他还指出,劳动已经通过工资税为社保体系持续供款,但自动化设备本身并不承担类似负担。这意味着,企业在用机器替代人工时,不仅减少了用工成本,也削弱了原本依赖工资税的财政来源。

“人类保留岗位”上限约为 40%

文章中的另一项核心设想,是划出一类“人类保留岗位”。盖茨认为,即便 AI 在技术上能够完成部分工作,社会仍可以主动决定把这些岗位留给人类。

他举出的典型例子包括儿童照护和陪审服务。教育和医疗则处于中间地带:未来仍会保留人在场,但会更多借助 AI 扩大服务覆盖范围。

按他给出的设想,即使采取最激进版本,这类岗位的占比上限大致也只能到 40%。他还把保护分成两类:一类是长期保留,例如照护工作;另一类是过渡性保护,面向难以在短时间内转岗的人群,例如年长的建筑工人。

盖茨认为这轮替代速度更快

盖茨在文中强调,这一轮技术变迁与以往不同。农业转向办公室工作用了几代人的时间,也催生了大量需要人类判断的新职业;但他认为,AI 可以在十年内直接替代法律、客服、医疗、软件和制造等领域的认知劳动。

他引用了类似观点。Anthropic 首席执行官 Dario Amodei 此前曾表示,未来五年内,最多可能有一半初级白领岗位消失。

不过,现有统计数据尚未完全印证大规模失业。耶鲁预算实验室与布鲁金斯学会去年 10 月发布的研究显示,截至 7 月的美国联邦就业数据中,还没有出现大范围替代迹象。加州新上线的 AI 失业追踪工具也没有发现全州性裁员潮,但受 AI 影响较大的高学历岗位,失业申领有所上升。

盖茨表示,他愿意为自己的判断承担声誉风险,并认为未来几年将决定 AI 最终是缩小差距,还是加剧不平等。

补充信息:盖茨早在 2017 年就公开提出过“机器人税”概念,但当时遭到不少经济学家反对,批评者认为这实质上是在对生产率征税。

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